Hormones And The Potential Toxicity Of Caffeine - 916 Words

(1a) Describe the major concerns voiced about caffeinism and the potential toxicity of caffeine, including risks associated with its use during pregnancy. In your opinion, how serious are those risks? According to Hart Ksir (2010, p. 274), the major concerns voiced about caffeinism are the physiological symptoms from excessive use of caffeine such as nervousness, irritability, tremulousness, muscle twitching, insomnia, flushed appearance and elevated temperature. Caffeine has been found to not be very toxic; it would take about one hundred cups of coffee to be equivalent to ten grams of caffeine to cause death from an overdose. Symptoms from the overuse of caffeine dissipate as soon as caffeine intake is restricted. As are many dietary concerns for women while pregnant, caffeine intake is generally decreased to a very low amount. Caffeine has been found to increase the risk of spontaneous abortions and contribute to low birth weight babies. Pregnant women should avoid any substa nces that have any possible risks to their unborn child. The effects of many substances including caffeine vary from one person to another. The safest opinion is that it is better to not use caffeine during pregnancy than to find out after a child is born that it had adverse effects on the child’s development. (1b) Would the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) be justified in establishing some sort of control and/or regulatory policy with regard to products containing caffeine? ProvideShow MoreRelatedThe Consumption Of Energy Drinks1538 Words   |  7 Pagesregulation. The highest consumers of energy drinks are adolescents and they are mostly likely to abuse the consumption of the beverage. With the health hazards the beverages have on adults they even place a greater threat to adolescents. The sugar and caffeine in the beverages is disturbingly high. Professionals such as doctors are voicing their concerns about the harmful effects of the beverages however; the government is doing nothing to fix the problem facing the health of the population. Many doctorsRead MoreCriteria And Study Subject Recruitments1090 Words   |  5 Pagesmedications (with the exception of NSAIDs or acetaminophen unless with prior approval of the research team). With the permission of their physician they will not take any prescription medications (with the exception of birth control pills, thyroid hormones or other medications approved by the research team). 6. Participants who are currently in psychotherapy at the time they are recruited may continue to see their outside therapist during the course of the study. They may not change therapists, increaseRead MoreHow Do We Get Energy?565 Words   |  2 Pagesproduce ATP and AMP. Coffee has a lot of caffeine, which is a fat soluble chemical that can easily pass through the bloodstream to brain tissue. Neurotransmitters control the brain’s activity and they either stimulate them or quiet them. The caffeine in coffee attach themselves to quite neurotransmitters called adenosine. The caffeine blocks the effects of the adenosine and doubles the amount of epinephrine. Epinephrine is the â€Å"fight or flight† hormone and that causes more alertness and awarenessRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesappealing. Spray tans are not likely to risk skin cancer because the external layer of skin on our body is dead cells, which give no damage to the skin. Nevertheless, when the child is being spray tanned she is breathing in dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a potential carcinogen because it damages DNA (our genetic code) and causes mutations (Ginsberg). Chemicals such as DHA, are extremely toxic when breathed by childr en whose lungs have not fully developed. Spray tanning children appear to be harmless as wellRead MoreErgogenic Aids Essay3570 Words   |  15 Pagesorganizations. Caffeine has mild benefits and side effects and is banned above certain levels. Products that combine caffeine with other stimulants (ephedrine) have been linked to fatal events. Protein and carbohydrate supplementation provides modest benefits with no major adverse effects. A hot and humid environment can be detrimental to race performance. Caffeine, on the other hand, has been shown to be an ergogenic aid for improving endurance performance. To examine the influence of caffeine ingestionRead Moreenergy drink Essay3010 Words   |  13 Pagesbrief description: 1-2 sentences) b. What it does (very brief description of its physiological role in the body: 1-2 sentences) Red Bull ® Ingredients: carbonated water, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, taurine, sodium citrate, magnesium carbonate, caffeine, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine HCl, vitamin B12, natural and artificial flavors, colors. Carbonated water What it is: Carbonated water is the primary ingredient of carbonated soft drinks. CarbonatedRead MoreNsd 225 Study Guide2522 Words   |  11 Pagesabsorption). 8. Sea salt, they say, contains iodide, but it is silly to pay more and get nothing extra for it. Sea salt is not better than table saltiodine leaves as a gas (sublimes from solid to gas form). 9. We need iodide to make thyroid hormone, which is important because it influences our overall metabolism. Also, if you don’t have enough iron, you will be fatigued, and children that are deficient won’t grow. Finally, you need it to prevent goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid (aroundRead MoreCreatine Use Must be Banned Essay1940 Words   |  8 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Athletes are always searching for ways to enhance their performance. Recently, beginning in the 1950s, that search has included the use of illegal substances like steroids and growth hormones. Illegal substances have been used widely by athletes in hop es of achieving the desired Olympic gold medal or multi-million dollar contract. Some nations, for example the late East Germany in the 1970s and 1980s, have mandated the use of steroids by their athletes. The downside of using thoseRead MoreGerd3085 Words   |  13 Pagesmedical conditions, foods and medications may also exacerbate GERD by their ability to lower the resting pressure of the LES. These include: MEDICAL CONDITIONS Obesity Pregnancy PERSONAL HABITS Alcohol use Smoking AGGRAVATING FOODS Chocolate Caffeine(+, -) Spearmint Peppermint Fatty foods Cola Milk Citrus juices MEDICATIONS CAN DECREASE LES PRESSURE oral contraceptives nitrates theophllyine narcotics calcium channel blockers ß-adrenergic agonists a-adrenergic agonists diazepam Read MoreThe Chronic Disease Burden Has Increased The Need For A Statewide And National Approach3705 Words   |  15 Pagesdiabetes management, daily aspirin, stress reduction, maintain good dental hygiene, hand washing, and a yearly influenza vaccination. Additionally, the Indiana Chapter (2014) explains the need for energy conservation, medication compliance, limiting caffeine, home exercise programs, decreasing alcohol use, and instruction on use of salt substitutes. Clinical guidelines. Primary prevention interventions include decreasing those modifiable risk factors through teachings regarding tobacco, alcohol cessation

Gladiatorial Contest in Rome - 952 Words

Gladiatorial Contest in Rome Rome was a warrior state. Since the state was a great fighting state in their time, the wars sort of formed the gladiatorial contest in ancient Rome. The Romans were fascinated and pleasured by violence, bloodshed, and human suffering the gladiatorial games. The gladiatorial contests began at the reign of their first emperor Augustus to pay tribute to their warrior traditions. The Romans built artificial battlefields within amphitheaters in cities and towns for public entertainment. It is very obvious that gladiatorial contest were important because of the enormous size of the amphitheaters. In A.D. 80, the Colosseum, which seated fifty thousand people, was used to accompany a hundred days of†¦show more content†¦It was then when officers of the state started producing the gladiatorial shows on a regular basis as a part of their job. Emperor Augustus restricted the gladiatorial games to two a year, limiting the aristocrats chances to receive t he peoples vote for political offices. Each of the officials were forbidden to spend more on themselves than their associates. However, the emperors rules were often broken by aristocrats due to the competitiveness of political power and prestige. Animals played a part in the gladiatorial shows also. In A.D. 108-9, Emperor Trajan gave games lasting 123 days containing 9,138 gladiators fought eleven thousand animals. In 169 B.C., sixty-three African lions and leopards, forty bears, and several elephants were murdered in a single show. Romans then started to hunt new animals such as tigers, crocodiles, giraffes, lynxes, rhinoceros, and ostriches. Some shows involved hundreds of animals in one show. All of the animals were killed for entertainment. Gladiators were heroes to their culture. Even though most of the gladiators were slaves, women were attracted to them. But gladiators were also degraded by society. They were not allowed to be buried in normal burial grounds. Women also fought in gladiatorial games also. The women fought in the arena were men fought. An example of women fighting was found on a small stone relief, depicting two female gladiators, with one breast bare, called Amazon an Achillia. SportsShow MoreRelated Gladiatorial Contest In Rome Essay936 Words   |  4 Pages Gladiatorial Contest in Rome nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rome was a warrior state. Since the state was a great fighting state in their time, the wars sort of formed the gladiatorial contest in ancient Rome. The Romans were fascinated and pleasured by violence, bloodshed, and human suffering the gladiatorial games. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The gladiatorial contests began at the reign of their first emperor Augustus to pay tribute to their warrior traditions. The Romans built artificialRead MoreThe Influence Of The Ancient Roman Gladiatorial Games1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Roman gladiator captivated the masses and contributed to the very definition of ancient Rome. The consumption and coverage of football in America today is the modern equivalent to how gladiatorial games fit into the entertainment and overall culture of the ancient Roman world, with the gladiatorial games holding even deeper importance regarding spirituality. In a society built through the balancing of bloodshed and civility, the ancient Roman gladiator made his impact through spectacle by pureRead MoreHuman Sacrifice Is Important Matter And Human Behavior1663 Words   |  7 Pagesstabilize people. In ancient Rome, human sacrifice was documented. The the early Roman law described that gladiatorial contests were the activit ies that human did sacrifice. Gladiatorial contests appeared first in Rome in 264BCE [10]. Gladiatorial contests were always held in important religious events in order to show respect to gods. At first, the players were all volunteers and they always did an imaginary battle. So they would not die in the Gladiatorial contests. Later, the rulers put criminalsRead MoreThe Rise of Gladiatorial Combat in Rome3432 Words   |  14 PagesThe Rise of Gladiatorial Combat in Rome Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with its development but its the Romans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Roman games was when a gladiatorRead MoreThe Battle Of Carthage, Romans Were Thirsty For Violence1162 Words   |  5 Pages After the defeat of Carthage, Romans were thirsty for violence. In ancient Rome, gladiators were of the most notorious people on the planet. Deranked from society, they still managed to maintain a high charisma and attained significant amounts of glory. While at camps, they underwent intense training, were treated like animals, and had all their rights stripped from them. But despite the cruelties, they were highly honored and were gifted various rewards and ceremonial banquets on the days beforeRead More1000 Word Latin Paper1040 Words   |  5 PagesLate afternoon the most important time of the day- the combat began. The Gladiator fights started with the Praegenarii who were the opening act gladiators who fought with a whip, club and shield and these would then be followed by the proper Gladiatorial games where there were various matched pairings of gladiators. Life of a Gladiator The Life of a Gladiator could be strict and harsh, especially for new recruits When a new recruit, called a Novicius entered one of the gladiator schools theRead MoreThe Gladiatorial World : Gladiatorial Warfare1601 Words   |  7 PagesGladiatorial games were an ingrained part of Roman society by the first-century AD. They have consistently been portrayed as gruesome battles between two men, usually slaves or criminals, in which one almost always inevitably dies. While this circumstance did occur in ancient times, there is also strong evidence showing that this was not always the case. It is true that slaves and criminals, as well as prisoners of war, were the main source of gladiators due to their expendability and large numbersRead MoreRoman Social Life1534 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes to the sponsored activities. Most Romans finished work at midday and an afternoon spend at some form of entertainment was a conventional way to spend the rest of the day. Some of the most significant forms of public entertainment in ancient Rome took place in an amphitheatre, a large, oval shaped platform surrounded by tiered seats. The best-known amphitheatre is the Colosseum, named for the colossal statue of Nero which stood nearby. It rises to a height of more than 50 metres and providesRead MoreThe Roman Colosseum Of Rome1153 Words   |  5 Pagesevery year. This massive amphitheater is located in the center of Rome, Italy. During ancient roman times these massive amphitheaters were commonly placed around cities. â€Å"Eventually there were well over 250 amphitheaters in the Roman empire† (Hopkins). However, no other amphitheater competes in size. What sparked the want to build such a massive amphitheater? Why is this so important? Years prior to the construction of the Colosseum, Rome was dealing with a massive civil war which destroyed the cityRead MoreAncient Roman Art Of Entertainment1561 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve such spectacles were vicious and cruel, it ultimately satisfied the Roman peoples need for pleasure and excitement. Public displays varied from chariot races, musical and theatrical performances, to the more gruesome acts of wild beast hunts, gladiatorial games, and public executions. Most of the Romans daily leisure activities still remain in the realm of common recreational activities we still perform today, such as swimming, hunting, fishing, and even gambling. While the inner city state provided

The Serotonin Syndrome Essay Example For Students

The Serotonin Syndrome Essay Even the most clueless among us know about ecstasy today; thanks to news and the media who have labeled it a thrill pill and love drug, and proclaimed it Americas newest drug problem. Although many therapists are praising it, researchers are also knocking it. All together, they have found that ecstasy, a drug similar to MDMA, has short and long term effects on the brain that vary from person to person. Ecstasy is a street term for a range of drugs that are similar in structure to Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA. Ecstasy is similar in structure and affect to amphetamines and hallucinogens. Amphetamines, or speed, are stimulants that speed up activity in the nervous system. Hallucinogens, such as LSD, typically affect perception and can cause things to be seen or heard that dont really exist, or things that are distorted. Ecstasy is illegal, and its ingredients are often hard to get. Therefore, manufactures my substitute a wide range of substances when making the drug. There is a chance that when you buy ecstasy it will contain little MDMA. Like other illegally manufactured drugs, such as speed, there are no controls of factors such as strength and hygiene of the drug. The increases the chances of a person overdosing, being poisoned or experience other adverse reactions after taking the drug. Swallowing ecstasy is the most common way to use it, even though it can taste foul. Ecstasy tablets can be various sizes, shapes and designs such as playboy bunnies or tulips. The tablets can be crushed and snorted. They may also be inserted into the anus from where the drug is absorbed. This way is often referred to as shafting or shelving. Today, injecting ecstasy is becoming more popular. The immediate effects usually begin within 20 minutes of taking the drug and may last up to 6 hours. Some people have reported some symptoms persisting for 32 hours after using ecstasy. Many people have experienced effects such as increased heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure. The user also experiences increased confidence and feelings of well being. Jaw clenching, teeth grinding and anxiety are also common. Symptoms on nausea and a loss of appetite are sometimes more likely to occur than thought of. These effects usually come up in a course of three phases: coming up, the plateau and coming down. In coming up, the effects can be smooth and bumpy and users may feel a rush. The plateau consists of the user feeling good, happy and relaxed. While coming down, the user may feel physically exhausted, depressed and irritable. Higher quantities of ecstasy dont appear to enhance the desirable effect and may cause convulsions, vomiting, floating sensations, irrational or bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. In the come down, insomnia, depression, anxiety, paranoia, fatigue and difficulty concentrating are many common effects. These effects usually begin the day after taking the drug and can last for several days. After the come down from the synthetic drug, many problems users encounter with ecstasy are similar to those found with the use of amphetamines and cocaine. Some of the short-term effects are very similar to the immediate effects of ecstasy. They include increases in heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, chills, sweating, and such psychological problems as confusion, depression, sleep problems, craving, severe anxiety, paranoia, and psychotic episodes. Ecstasys chemical cousin, MDA, destroys cells that produce Serotonin in the brain. These cells play a direct roll in regulating aggression, mood, sexual activity, sleep, and sensitivity to pain. Methamphetamine, also similar to ecstasy, damages brain cells that produce dopamine. Scientists have now shown that Ecstasy not only makes the brains nerve branches and endings degenerate, but also makes them regrow, but abnormally failing to reconnect with some brain areas and connecting elsewhere with the wrong ar eas. These reconnections may be permanent, resulting in cognitive impairments, changes in emotion, learning, memory, or hormone-like chemical abnormalities. .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .postImageUrl , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:hover , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:visited , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:active { border:0!important; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:active , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Formation of An Individual: Cases, Terms, To Essay The effects of long-term MDMA use are just beginning to undergo scientific analysis. In 1998, the National Institute of Mental Health conducted a study of a small group of habitual MDMA users who were abstaining from use. The study revealed that the abstinent users suffered damage to the neurons

To file Suit free essay sample

Perhaps after proving it was indeed his original idea with the documentation and date of his class research project that the professors are capitalizing on, it would give them opportunity to make amends and provide compensation to Frederick. Then if he was met hostility, would advise Frederick to appeal to the COFFS Dean of Students with his case or register a grievance with the professors As we have read in our text, most businesses have a code of conduct established, if not a code of ethics. His professors are under the authority of the university and subject to such a code.One WOUld hope that given its a university, infringement on intellectual property should be addressed there and consequences or course of action explained. I know LIZ has a code of honor as a Christian university and has a higher standard than most public universities. So, I did some research. We will write a custom essay sample on To file Suit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I found that found that the University of Mary Washington, a liberal arts institutions employee handbook does indeed define and address intellectual property including that of staff, students and visitors. They define it to be any property to which the owner holds a patent or copyright or which may be insider to be patentable or copyrightable. ( University of Mary Washington Faculty Handbook Section 4. 4. 2 ) They go on to state that this includes inventions with the exception of inventions developed as a part of a university assignment. I would advise Frederick to file suit only after pursuing justice within the confines of the university first. I would encourage him to examine his heart to make sure he was seeking justice and not vengeance; to trust the Lord. As God gave him the idea in the first place, God can certainly give him another, better one.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a University For Your College Education

Factors to Consider When Choosing a University For Your College EducationWhen you are selecting a university for your college education, it is important to consider factors to consider when choosing a university sample essay. You want to get the best possible information that you can get for free. The different universities will have different requirements when it comes to admissions, but there are some basic requirements that all universities follow when deciding to accept or reject an application.Factors to consider when choosing a university for your college education include the reputation of the university, as well as the school's current rankings. While most colleges have a few colleges to choose from, this isn't always the case with different universities. Also, before you enroll in a university sample essay, look for reviews on the school that you would like to attend, as well as reviews from previous students. You don't want to be so overwhelmed with information that you don 't have the time to research.Other factors to consider when choosing a university for your college education include the diversity of the university and the number of available courses available. While there is no easy way to do this, you can start your research by searching for university sample essays on your favorite search engine. You will be able to find some very reputable sources of information.If you need a little extra help in choosing a university for your college education, try searching for a school that has a full course load of almost double of the courses that you need. This will help you decide which schools offer the best programs, and it will also make it easier for you to plan your college education. Not all universities allow for double-degree programs, so the more courses you have the better the chances of getting into the program you want.Now, for those who are not sure what they should choose, try and keep in mind the points that other students had to say abou t the schools. Ask for recommendations from classmates or professors who have attended the school. This can give you some idea of what the campus is like and how they are being treated by the staff. These are great tips to use when making your final decision.You should also make sure that you go to a campus that seems comfortable to you. This means finding one that has comfortable furniture and inviting dormitories, as well as one that have easy access to local transportation. You might even find that they offer free lunch.Finally, if you think that you may be too busy to take the time to write a university sample essay, take some time to write one yourself. Most universities will require you to take the classes before you will be able to write a college essay for them. This is to ensure that you are ready to take the course work.After considering these factors to consider when choosing a university for your college education, you should be able to make your decision. As long as you take the time to make sure that you are going to the right school, you should be able to make the most of your time and your money. Once you graduate, you will know what it is like to be surrounded by all the people who made your life beautiful.

Gender and Art Female Role in Visual Art

The females have played an important role in the artistic field and yet for a long period this significant contribution has been assumed. Females have contributed equally to the males in the development and enrichment of the field of art. However, the poor position of the women in the society led to less recognition of these significant contributions of the females. There has been a long-held assumption that all the artistic works of the prehistoric period were developed by male artists (Shubitz, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Art: Female Role in Visual Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a long time, it has been passed on to new generations that great arts were men’s products and females who managed to develop similar products were just replicating the artistic works that had been developed by the male artists before. In fact, several of good works by the female artists of this time were attributed to their male relatives or teachers as the females were considered incapable of developing the good works (Shubitz, n.d). The visibility of the females in the field of art was evident throughout the Middle Ages but declined in the succeeding period. In the beginning of the period of Renaissance (1450-1600 A.D) a lot of restrictions were placed on the women that saw the Western society witness a decline and invisibility of female artists (Palmer, 2011). However, despite these discouraging and blockading restrictions for female development in the field of art, a good proportion of the female artists managed to carve out professions in this male-dominated world. This increasing trend was observed throughout the second half of the 17th century up to the end of the 18th century. Therefore, the 18th century saw female artistic works became of great interest in the society. The female artists overcame the baseless restrictions to contribute significantly to the cultural pr oduction of the Western Society. The trend continued into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the increased fight for improved position of the women in the society. The feminist movements of the 1970s have contributed greatly to improving the position of the women in the society so that they could receive recognition of their artistic works (Shubitz, n.d). The women have yet another battle of improving their image and position as just artists to being considered as individuals of integrity and relative identities. Furthermore, several female artists emerged between the mid 18th century and the early 19th century. Some of the female artists of these period include Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard (1749-1803) Louise Élisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun (1755- 1842) and Anne Vallayer-Coster (1744- 1818). Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard concentrated on the development of miniatures, pastels, and oil paintings whereas Le Brun was recognized for her Rococo and portrait paintings. Anne Vallay er-Coster on her part was a still life painter.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper focuses on the contributions of these three artists to the history of art in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The works of these artists, their accomplishments, and the political images portrayed by their artistic works are considered in the paper. There is a comparative analysis (citing the similarities and differences) of the works of these three significant artists in the history of art. Female Artists and Visual Art It has to be noted that the females have played a significant role in the history of art that has shaped the culture in the Western Society. It has been reiterated by Hyde and Milam (2003) that, â€Å"History of female does not stand outside or even on the periphery of the Western tradition, but is integral to it† (p.3). Such a statement considers the profound position of women in the society and the roles that they played in molding the culture in the Western Society over a long period. However, this reality had to be recognized much later after the beginning of female artists’ contribution to the field of art. In the earlier times, it was more likely that a piece of work would be reported with the artist being unknown than to disclose that the artist was a woman (Shubitz, n.d). This was particularly evident during the Renaissance period. During this period, the society had little recognition for the women artists who were considered to have less stature as artists than the men (Shubitz, n.d). It was already evident and known to the society that the females were capable of developing good works just as their male counterparts. Nonetheless, few or no women artists were noted at this time. Besides, even those that were noted were considered to have artistic works of lower quality and value than the products developed by men artists . The females’ contribution towards art was in particular visible in the development and the production of visual culture during the Enlightenment and Revolution periods. During this period (18th century), women are regarded to have played critical role in visual culture through representation, textual and pictorial, which became associated with women (Hyde and Milam, 2003). The females recognized the role that their artistic works could play in helping improve their position in the society. They could give a visual impression of their feelings and emotions through the art works like paintings. The females could also express their political views or ideas through these artistic works. The females’ participation in the society improved significantly courtesy of their increased involvement in art. Several individuals and activists supported women in this culture-developing initiative. Their contributions towards shaping the culture of the Western Society came from differ ent directions. As a result, in one way or the other female became shapers of culture through avenues such as sponsorship, taking part in literary and philosophical salons, writing, patronage, painting, or some other means, described to be multifold and paradoxical as the individual women themselves (Hyde and Milam, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Art: Female Role in Visual Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, the struggle to have a full recognition of women artists’ contribution to the field of art has been an ongoing issue that reemerges. This was evident in the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century when most men returned from the Second World War (Shubitz, n.d). Tired of being unappreciated by the male artists, women initiated movements to advocate for change. Such movements were witnessed in the 1970s. The women vowed that if the society, and in particu lar, the male artists, could not support their works then they would unite in order to support each other (Shubitz, n.d). Several associations were developed that could enable the works of female artists to be seen on the global scene. An example was the Women’s Caucus for Art, an association that would see female artworks feature in museums and various exhibitions (Shubitz, n.d). Three Women and Visual Artistic Culture It must be mentioned, that the 18th century is a period in which the position of the women in the society had significant developments. During the period, feminine beauty gained much power and the individuals who had the beauty or could develop it were greatly valued in the society (Shubitz, n.d). Some three female artists of this period developed what remain as some of the celebrated pieces of visual culture that for a long time has revolutionalized the aspect of gender and art (Tierney, 1999). The artistic works of Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard, Louise É lisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun, and Anne Vallayer-Coster, had significant contribution to the 18th century art. Nonetheless, in spite of the significant contributions that the female artists made to the field of visual art, few records of the developments are provided. It is evident that this particular area of concern has not been explored to its fullest by the scholars in the history of arts and related disciplines. This part of the paper will compare and contrast the works of these three female artists. The works of these three historical painters Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard was born in 1749 in Paris, France, and was brought up here. Her participating in the field of art during this period was just as â€Å"abnormal† as was expected since the Paris of the late eighteenth century did not recognize women in the art world at that time (Auricchio and Museum, 2009, p.1). A lot of literature that focus on the artworks before the period of revolution have emphasized on the works of male artists like Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). The artwork of this female was largely depicted through miniatures, pastels, and oil paints through which, Labille-Guiard was able to express and redefine the gender politics in art history (Auricchio and Museum, 2009; Greer, 2001). The artists of this period concentrated on the genres like portraiture, still life, landscapes, and scenes ordinary life (Auricchio and Museum, 2009,). Later on, after getting married, she was trained on different other areas by different instructors. She was instructed on the pastel techniques by Maurice Quentin de la Tour.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She continued her perfection in the field and turned to the other professionals around her who could provide proper instructions and support for her work. She was later instructed (in 1977) on the art of oil painting by Francois Andre-Vincent, the son of her first teacher in miniature (Auricchio and Museum, 2009, p.11; Claudia, 2011). The early works of the artist were exhibited at the Academy of St Luke where she was admitted in 1969. She studied and practiced at the institution until it was dissolved in 1776. The artist showed much effort in portraits. Among the earlier works of this painter is Portrait of the Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre. This was her self-portrait that was dressed in a costume that had a mixture of textures. Louise Élisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun was another famous French artist of the 18th century. On her part, Le Brun is regarded as one of the few female artists who influenced the visual culture through her artwork mainly reflected in Rococo and portrait paint ar t (Milam, 2011; Norman, 1978). Rococo art has its origin in the French art of the 18th century. The name was derived from the French term rocailles, which was used in the early 18th century by the artists to categorize the wide range of ornamentals that form the current Rococo art (Milam, 2011). Le Brun used the styles and coloring that was used by the French rococo artists in developing the portraits of women in a neoclassical dress. She had little focus on history paintings. Again, concentrating in these main forms of visual art, Le Brun was able to define and re-create new thinking and perception about female gender in art history. Le Brun started showing interest in art at an early age most likely because her father was an artist who instructed her at the early stages (Norman, 1978). She also learned by herself much about art (Rafter, 2005). Her artworks ranged from history paintings to landscapes even though most of her works were colored portraits of the renowned politicians i n a given country (Rafter, 2005). The artist was mainly successful in developing portraits for women and some of her historical portraits are Mlle Porparati 1792, Elizabeth Alexcyevna 1792, and Mme de Stael 1808)(Norman, 1978). She also developed her self-portrait on several occasions. Her use of the rococo style of the French art appealed so much to the women who were in turn attracted to her works. Other works included a portrait of Mrs. Charles de Gaulle and two pastels of Queen Louise of Prussia. She had an exceptional talent in art and pleased several people with her artwork. As a result, she was summoned to royal family to become the official portraitist of the queen in 1778. She painted several portraits of Queen Marie Antoinette (Norman, 1978; Rafter, 2005). Excelling in the field of art had several challenges for Le Brun. Just like the other female artists in the eighteenth century, Elisabeth had to deal with the difficulties of being a woman. The men and society in general had no support for their artistic efforts. Besides, the artist was a royalist and yet this period was characterized by a heightened French Revolution. While continuing with her work to support herself and the family, Le Brun also had to run off the dangers that followed the revolutionist movements (Rafter, 2005). The situation worsened when the royal family was finally arrested in the revolution. The artist who had had a close relationship with the court had to flee the country for her safety. She was enlisted as one of the individuals who stood on the way of reforms by supporting the leadership of the royal family (Rafter, 2005). Her loyalty to the royal family would be evident even several years later after her exile when she finally resettled in the country. She was still opposed to the rule of Napoleon. She fled to countries like Russia, Italy, and Austria. While in her exile in the European countries, Elisabeth had the opportunity to join different institutions, interact with different artists, and meet different aristocrats. She joined the Academies of Rome, Florence, Bologna, St Petersburg, and Berlin while traversing the European countries (Norman 1978; Rafter, 2005). In these institutions, she had the opportunity to paint renowned individuals like heads and queens of states in order to support herself and her family. She visited several other countries as well before later settling back in Paris, France until her death. Anne Vallayer-Coster is another female artist who overcame the masculine restrictions in art world to define the role of female in artwork through her famous still life painting. Just like the other female artists of the 18th century, Anne suffered the little attention given to them by the society. She also suffered the refutation of being close to the royal family (National Gallery of art, 2002). Still life painting is an art that excludes the human form and has no narrative nature like history painting Bryson, 2001, p.60). This was an area where Anne vividly defined the role of female in artwork. This earned her respect, and to great extent, she became an influential figure in visual art history (Bryson, 2001). Little literature is available about her early training in the field of art. It is thought that the role models who influenced her into the field of art was her mother who was a painter of miniatures and some great landscape painter, Claude-Joseph Vernet (National Gallery of Art, 2002). Just like the other two female artists, Anne also had the slim opportunity to be absorbed into the art academies of that time. The artist had well developed skills in depiction of flowers, an ability that drew the attention of several collectors and artists in the 18th century in France. She would receive enthusiastic reviews during various exhibitions. This drew the attention of the court and Queen Marie-Antoinette, who was attracted to her still life paintings, summoned her to be the court painter (National Gallery of Art, 2002). Vallayer-Coster stayed with the royal family as a court painter for several years. She later developed interest and was able to produce not only still life paintings but portraits as well. The artist left a legacy of over 120 still life paintings made with beautiful coloration. Some of her flower still life paintings were Bouquet of Flowers in a Blue Porcelain Vase (1776) and A Vase of Flowers and Two Plums on a Marble Tabletop (1781) (National Gallery of Art,2002). The latter would later be used as a model in the Gobelins tapestry. The other works by the artist include Still Life with Seashells and Coral (1769), and Still Life with Lobster (1817). To this end, it is evident that the three artists had varied interests in the field of art. A comparative cross-examination of the artworks shows that their works had certain similarities and differences. Labille-Guiard had special interest in portraiture. She had a vast mastery of the art of oil painting and yet she continued to produce artistic works in pastel and miniatures as well. One of her famous works was Self-portrait with two pupils, a painting that was first shown in the 1785 exhibition. The painting was 210.8cm by 151.1cm. In this work, the artist painted herself dressed in some fashionable attire with together with two other female pupils, Mlle Marie Capet and Mlle Carreaux de Rosemond, who were her students at the time. The material and technique used in developing this painting was oil on canvas. This technique was also used by Anne and Le Brun in developing some of their paintings as described here below. The painting has fine details and characterized by rich palette. Source: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/53.225.5 Most of the works of this artist were characterized by masculine like crisp handling, muted tones, and truth to nature (Auricchio, 2011). However, this picture is dominated with the females and is filled with feminine pride and energy. The presence of these two pu pils showed her femininity. The only masculine appearance in the picture is the image of the artist’s father that she opted to include in the picture background. Due to this feminine dominance, the work was challenged by some of the reviews as propaganda to advocate for the position of women in the society (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011). Nonetheless, this was seemingly one of her only few works that appeared to support revolution. Self-portrait in a straw hat is one of the outstanding artworks by Louise Élisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun. This is self-portrait of the artist and measures about 97.8 by 70.5 cm. The portrait is colorfully designed with a blend of bright and dull coloration. Source: http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/rococo/images/ElisabethVigeeLebrun-Self-Portrait-1782.jpg The portrait depicts Le Brun in a serious mood charging at the audience boldly and frankly. She is holding a painting palette loosely in her hands. It can be observed that she ha s not made her hair and yet she has put on seemingly expensive hearings. The medium used in the portrait is oil on canvas. Among the famous still life paintings by Anne is Bouquet of flowers in a Blue Porcelain vase. This is a relatively large painting of this type (approximately 122.6 by 113.03 cm). The painting has varied coloration in the forefront and a dull background. The medium and technique used for this painting were oil on canvas. Source: http://popartmachine.com/item/pop_art/2012-DMA_.1998.52.FA/ANNE-VALLAYER-COSTER-BOUQUET-OF-FLOWERS-IN-A-BLUE-PORCELAIN-VASE-1776 All these three works by the different artists have applied a similar technique of painting; oil on canvas. The three artworks also have beautiful colorations that are appealing to the women mostly. On the other hand, the works of Labille-Guiard and Le Brun are human portraits whereas this work by Anne is a still life composition. Similarly, Anne’s still life painting has no political impression as compa red to the works of the other two artists. In her work, Self-portrait with two pupils, Labille-Guiard portrays support for feminist movement by dominating the painting by females. In her painting, Self-portrait in a straw hat, Le Brun also expresses her hidden political feelings that women should be given be given better position in the society. The boldness in the face indicates the courage that the artist has in the power of women. However, this political view appears to be not outstanding and the artist remained faithful to the royal family throughout. The other works of the artists followed similar trends in the painting techniques and the field of art. The different works by the artists portrayed their divergent views and abilities. The works of Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard portray her as a woman with defined ambitions and strong determination. While at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, the works of this artist were often compared with that of Élisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun, who was also at the Academy. Anne was also at the academy but her artistic works were mainly in a different genre; a direct comparison was often irrelevant. Thus, to this end, Labille-Guiard and Elisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun had certain aspects in common in relation to art field. They had a common interest in portraiture as several of their products were of this type. Most of their works were portraiture with varied coloration. However, the two artists also had differences. They were mainly considered as rivals in this field of art by the academicians and their patrons at the court (Milam, 2011, p.157) even though the rivalry could also be attributed to the influence of the male artists. They also had different political views. The political position of the Labille-Guiard was contrary to most of her work. While most of her work concentrated on portraits of the conservative individuals in the royal family, the artist supported the French Revolution (Claudia, 2011). This contra sts the position of Elisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun, another artist of this time who was loyal to the conservatives and did not push much for reforms. Labille-Guiard was a strong women activist struggling to defend the rights of women artists against the conservative institutions of the Royal Academy of Paris. As she worked on the large portraits of the members of the royal family at the academy, the artist pushed for various reforms in the academy (Claudia, 2011). The works of Anne remained a little different from the works of the other two artists. On her side, this work by Anne and the other works by the artist had no political depiction. Unlike, Labille-Guiard who supported feminist movements while serving at the Royal family, Anne did come out pronounced to support the movements. Her still life composition and even the subsequent portraits were not in any way in support of, or against, the feminist and reform movements that were rocking the nations. She remained a royalist just like Louise Élisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun. There are not records indicating that Anne Vallayer-Coster participated in, or supported, the revolutionists during the French Revolution. Conclusion It has to be acknowledged that the female artists played an important role in defining and creating visual culture that in essence influenced Western society. The heights female artists reached were not easy as many obstacles presented in the way. The position of the women was low in the society and the female artists had limited access to opportunities that could help them develop the abilities. Nevertheless, despite the challenges encountered, a number of female artists of the 18th century exerted energy and power that made them to be visible in the artistic history. Three of the early female artists had immense influence in the artistic world of the 18th and 19th centuries. There were certain similarities as well as differences in the works of Louise Élisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun, Anne Vallay er-Coster, and Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard. All of them suffered the harsh treatment of female artists. Some were accused of presenting, in the exhibitions, works that had been developed earlier by the males- e.g. their tutors. Similarly, even though they had interests in different genres of art, all produced, at least in some point in life, portraits. The three artists applied a common technique, oil on a canvas, in some of their artworks. Besides, all the three artists were admitted into the academy of art that was mainly set aside for male artists of that time. However, of the three female artists, only Labille-Guiard strongly supported the revolutionist movement that was prevailing in the country then. She used her artistic works to fight for the social recognition of women in the society. References Auricchio, L. (2011). Eighteenth-Century Women Painters in France. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/18wa/hd_18wa.htm Auricchio, L Museum, J. P. G. (2009). Adà ©la à ¯de Labille-Guiard: artist in the age of revolution. NY: Getty Publications. Bryson, N. (2001). Looking at the overlooked: four essays on still life painting. London: Reaktion Books. Claudia. (2011). Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard. Retrieved from http://www.ladyreading.net/labille-guiard/biography.html. Claudia. (2011b). The art of Adà ©laà ¯de Labille-Guiard. Retrieved from http://www.ladyreading.net/labille-guiard/details.html Greer, G. (2001). The obstacle race: the fortunes of women painters and their work. NY: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. Hyde, M. L., Milam, J. D. (2003). Women, art and the politics of identity in eighteenth-century Europe. VT: Ashgate Publishing. Milam, J. D. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Rococo Art. MA: Scarecrow Press. National Gallery of Art. (2002). Stunning Still Lifes by Anne Vallayer-Coster, Foremost 18th-Century Painter in Court of Marie-Antoinette, On View at the National Gallery of Art June 30 through September 22, 2002. Retrieved from http://www .nga.gov/press/exh/179/index.shtm. Norman, G. (1978). Nineteenth-century painters and painting: a dictionary. CA: University of California Press. Palmer, A. L. (2011). Historical dictionary of neoclassical art and architecture. MA: Scarecrow Press. Rafter, E. (2005). Marie-Louise Elisabeth Vigà ©e-Lebrun. Retrieved from http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/mlevl.html Shubitz, J. (N.d). Women, Art and Gender: A History. Retrieved from http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/mcbride/ws200/womenandgender.html Tierney, H. (1999). Women’s studies encyclopedia. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. The Metroploitan Museum of Art. (2011). Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, Mademoiselle Marie Gabrielle Capet (1761–1818) and Mademoiselle Carreaux de Rosemond. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/53.225.5. This essay on Gender and Art: Female Role in Visual Art was written and submitted by user Layton Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italian Diacritical Accent Marks

Italian Diacritical Accent Marks Segni diacritici. Punti diacritici. Segnaccento (or segno daccento, or accento scritto). However you refer to them in Italian, accent marks (also referred to as diacritical marks) are added or attached to a letter to distinguish it from another of similar form, to give it a particular phonetic value, or to indicate stress. Note that in this discussion, the term accent does not refer to the pronunciation characteristic of a given region or geographical location (for example, a Neapolitan accent or Venetian accent) but rather to orthographic marks. The Big Four in Accent Marks In Italian ortografia (spelling) there are four accent marks: accento acuto (acute accent) [ ´] accento grave (grave accent) [] accento circonflesso (circumflex accent) [ˆ] dieresi (diaresis) [ ¨] In contemporary Italian, the acute and grave accents are the most commonly encountered. The circumflex accent is rare and the diaresis (also referred to as an umlaut) is usually only found in poetic or literary texts. Italian accent marks can be divided into three categories: mandatory, optional, and incorrect. Required accent marks are those that, if not used, constitute a spelling error; facultative accent marks are those a writer uses to avoid ambiguity of meaning or reading; wrong accent marks are those that are written without any purpose and, even in the best of cases, only serve to weigh down the text. When Accent Marks Are Needed In Italian, the accent mark is obligatory: With all words of two or more syllables that end with a vowel that is stressed: libert, perchà ©, finà ¬, abbandonà ², laggià ¹ (the word ventitrà © also requires an accent);With monosyllables ending in two vowels, of which the second has a truncated sound: chià ¹, cià ², dià ¨, gi, già ¹, pià ¨, pià ¹, puà ², sci. One exception to this rule are the words qui and qua;With the following monosyllables in order to distinguish them from other monosyllables of identical spelling, which have a different meaning when unaccented: - chà ©, in the sense of poichà ©, perchà ©, causal conjunction (Andiamo chà © si fa tardi) to distinguish it from the conjunction or pronoun che (Sapevo che eri malato, Can che abbaia non morde); - d, the present indicative of dare (Non mi d retta) to distinguish it from the preposition da, and from da’, the imperative form of dare (Viene da Roma, Da’ retta, non partire); - dà ¬, when meaning day (Lavora tutto il dà ¬) to distinguish it from the preposition di (È l’ora di alzarsi) and di’, the imperative form of dire (Di’ che ti piace); - à ¨, verb (â€Å"Non à ¨ vero†) to distinguish it from the conjunction e (Io e lui); - l, adverb of place (È andato l) to distinguish it from the article, pronoun, or musical note la (Dammi la penna, La vidi, Dare il la all’orchestra); - là ¬, adverb of place (Guarda là ¬ dentro) to distinguish it from the pronoun li (Li ho visti); - nà ©, conjunction (Nà © io nà © Mario) to distinguish it from the pronoun or adverb ne (Ne ho visti parecchi, Me ne vado subito, Ne vengo proprio ora); - sà ©, stressed personal pronoun (Lo prese con sà ©) to distinguish it from the unstressed pronoun se or the conjunction se (Se ne prese la met, Se lo sapesse); - sà ¬, adverb of afirmation or to express the sentiment cosà ¬ (Sà ¬, vengo, Sà ¬ bello e sà ¬ caro) to distinguish it from the pronoun si (Si à ¨ ucciso); - tà ¨, plant and drink (Piantagione di tà ¨, Una tazza di tà ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ) to distinguish it from te (closed sound) pronoun (Vengo con te). When Accents Are Optional The accent mark is optional: With a, that is, stressed on the third-to-last syllable, so as not to be confused with the identically spelled word that is pronounced with the accent on the penultimate syllable. For example, nà ¨ttare and nettare, cà ³mpito and compito, sà ºbito and subito, cpitano and capitano, bitino and abitino, ltero and altero, mbito and ambito, uguri and auguri, bcino and bacino, circà ¹ito and circuito, frà ºstino and frustino, intà ºito and intuito, malà ¨dico and maledico, mà ¨ndico and mendico, nà ²cciolo and nocciolo, rà ¨tina and retina, rà ºbino and rubino, sà ©guito and seguito, và ­ola and viola, vità ¹peri and vituperi.When it signals the vocal stress on words ending in -io, -à ­a, -à ­i, -à ­e, such as fruscà ­o, tarsà ­a, fruscà ­i, tarsà ­e, as well as lavorà ­o, leccornà ­a, gridà ­o, albagà ­a, godà ­o, brillà ­o, codardà ­a, and many other instances. A more important reason is when the term, with a different pronunciation, would change meaning, for example: balà ­a and balia, bacà ­o and bacio, gorgheggà ­o and gorgheggio, regà ­a and regia. Then there are those optional accents that might be referred to as phonic because they signal the correct pronunciation of the vowels e and o within a word; an open e or o has one meaning while a closed e or o has another: fà ³ro (hole, opening), fà ²ro (piazza, square); tà ©ma (fear, dread), tà ¨ma (theme, topic); mà ¨ta (ending, conclusion), mà ©ta (dung, excrement); cà ²lto (from the verb cogliere), cà ³lto (educated, learned, cultured); rà ²cca (fortress), rà ³cca, (spinning tool). But beware: these phonetic accents are beneficial only if the speaker understands the difference between the acute and grave accent; otherwise disregard the accent mark, since it is not mandatory. When Accents Are Wrong The accent mark is wrong: First and foremost, when it is incorrect: there should be no accent on the words qui and qua, according to the exception noted;and when it is completely useless. It is a mistake to write dieci anni f, accenting the verbal form fa, which would never be confused with the musical note fa; as it would be a mistake to write non lo sà ² or cosà ¬ non v accenting without reason so and va.